![]() ![]() Ali was Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law. Uthman was killed by rebels in his home in 656 CE. This version was then copied and used as the standard version moving forward. Uthman is most known for having an official version of the Quran established from one originally put together by Abu Bakr. Like the other Four Caliphs, Uthman was a close companion of the Prophet Muhammad. ![]() He was Caliph for 12 years from 644-656 CE. Umar's reign came to an end when he was murdered by a Persian slave. He then took control of many surrounding areas including Egypt, Syria, and North Africa. He took control of the Middle East including conquering the Sassanids of Iraq. During this time, the Islamic Empire expanded greatly. The second caliph was Umar ibn al-Khattab. He was known as "The Truthful." During his short reign as caliph, Abu Bakr put down rebellions by various Arab tribes after Muhammad died and established the Caliphate as the ruling force in the region. Abu Bakr was the father-in-law of Muhammad and was an early convert to Islam. The first caliph was Abu Bakr who ruled from 632-634 CE. ![]()
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